Modernism was concerned with pushing boundaries, along the lines of thinking that 'new' is much better than old. This is an obvious result of various large-scale changes and revolutions happening in the world at the beginning of the 20th century and is often considered the birth of the term 'Graphic Design'.
Urbanisation: A shift in society, more and more people begin to up sticks and move from the countryside into the towns and cities with the promise of work and a higher quality of life (trains, shopping facilities, entertainment etc), resulting from industrial and technological advances.
Enlightenment: period in the late eighteenth century when scientific and philosophical thinking experienced massive advancements....electricity, constant water supplies, the invention of psychology as a practise...
One of the earliest stages of this would be the state of Paris at the time of 1850's onwards, a period known as 'Haussmanisation' - new architecture, new fashions, a new way of life, suppose a time when a city really became a city.
Modernism in graphic design was a response to these changes, and was perhaps required to accommodate these changes.
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